____________ control and supervision illustrate theory X?
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Answer: A. Need
Explanation
Theory X is characterized by a strong need for strict control and close supervision. Managers holding Theory X assumptions believe employees inherently dislike work and require monitoring. Strict hierarchical control systems directly reflect the core assumptions of Theory X. Douglas McGregor formulated Theory X and Theory Y to describe contrasting management styles. Theory X assumes workers are lazy, lack ambition, and avoid responsibility whenever possible. Traditional bureaucratic organizations historically relied on Theory X management principles.
Modern workplaces generally discourage strict Theory X control in favor of empowering employees. Close supervision is sometimes necessary for routine tasks but can damage creative morale. Understanding management theories helps supervisors adapt their leadership style to modern workers. Need correctly identifies the mandatory control aspect associated with Theory X environments. Wants expresses personal desires rather than the systemic control needs of Theory X. Both is incorrect because only need accurately describes the control requirement.
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