According to Ibn-e-Khaldun, which of the following does not qualify as rational knowledge________________________?
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Answer: A. Hadith
Explanation
Hadith is classified as traditional religious knowledge ('ulum naqliyyah) rather than purely rational philosophy or science. Transmitted knowledge relies on historical chains of narration rather than independent human intellect and logical deduction. Ibn-e-Khaldun explicitly categorized religious traditions separately from the rational sciences in his famous historical work. Ibn-e-Khaldun was a pioneering 14th-century Arab sociologist and historian widely regarded as a father of sociology. Transmitted sciences encompass theology, Quranic exegesis, and Hadith studies derived directly from divine revelation. Rational sciences include mathematics, logic, physics, and philosophy which depend on human reason for discovery.
Distinguishing between transmitted and rational knowledge was crucial for organizing medieval Islamic university curricula. This epistemological framework allowed scholars to pursue empirical sciences without conflicting with scriptural traditions. His classification system profoundly influenced the history of science and education in the medieval Islamic world. Philosophy is studied through logical deduction and human reasoning, placing it squarely within rational knowledge categories. Science involves empirical observation and rational inquiry, making it a foundational component of 'ulum aqliyyah. Chemistry relies on experimental methodology and rational analysis, aligning with the category of intellectual sciences.
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