Which is recognized as the oldest civilization in Pakistan?
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Answer: D. Indus civilization
Explanation
The Indus Valley Civilization is recognized as the oldest urban civilization spanning Pakistan and northwestern India. Archaeological excavation sites confirm sophisticated urban planning dating back more than four millennia in the region. Historical timelines establish this ancient river valley culture as the oldest urban society in Pakistani lands. Major excavated sites of this ancient culture include urban centers like Harappa in Punjab and Mohenjo-Daro in Sindh. The civilization featured advanced drainage systems, multi-story brick houses, and standardized weights and measures. Archaeologists study these urban ruins to uncover secrets of early commerce, art, and societal organization.
Recognizing ancient heritage sites fosters national pride and promotes cultural tourism across historic archaeological zones. Urban planning techniques from antiquity offer fascinating insights into early municipal sanitation and engineering. Historical preservation laws protect these fragile ruins from environmental degradation and modern urban encroachment. Mohen-Jo-Daro is a specific metropolitan site rather than the name of the overarching civilization itself. Harappan civilization is synonymous with the Indus culture, but Indus civilization is the broader accepted umbrella term. Gandhara civilization flourished centuries later during the classical and Buddhist periods of South Asian history.
- Subject
- Pakistan Studies
- Category
- Pakistan Studies
- Topic
- —
- Difficulty
- medium
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