Whose theory of social transformation aligns most closely with Iqbal's verse: 'Tujh ko bataoon taqdeer-e-huma kia hai shamsheer o Sannan Awwal taus o rabab akhir'?
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Answer: A. Karl Max
Explanation
Karl Marx developed a comprehensive materialist theory of social transformation driven by historical class conflict. The correct theorist placed economic production and material conditions at the center of societal evolution. His perspective aligns with revolutionary philosophies emphasizing active struggle in transforming societal structures. Karl Marx was a German philosopher whose ideas laid the foundation for modern communism and socialism. Historical materialism argues that changes in material technology drive historical and social development. Marx believed that capitalism would eventually be overthrown by a unified working-class revolution.
Social scientists use Marxist frameworks to critique global capitalism, wealth inequality, and labor exploitation. Revolutionary movements across the nineteenth and twentieth centuries were heavily inspired by Marxist doctrine. Economic historians continue to debate the validity of materialist interpretations of historical events. Ibn-e-Khaldun pioneered cyclical theories of civilizational rise and fall based on social cohesion. George Hegel formulated an idealist philosophy of history driven by the evolution of human consciousness. The option for none of these is incorrect because Marx firmly fits the materialist transformation model.
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