Which theoretical approach frames racism not as a departure from a normal non-racist standard, but as an everyday reality for people of color?
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Answer: A. critical race theory
Explanation
Critical race theory frames racism as an everyday reality embedded in structures. It rejects the notion that racism is merely an occasional personal aberration. Legal and political systems perpetuate racial hierarchies systematically over time. Critical race theory emerged from legal scholarship during the late twentieth century. Scholars like Derrick Bell and Kimberle Crenshaw pioneered intersectional legal analysis. Institutional racism is examined to reveal hidden biases in standard practices.
Civil rights activists use critical race frameworks to reform discriminatory policing policies. Educational researchers analyze curricular biases using systemic racial inequity lenses. Understanding institutional racism helps organizations implement effective diversity and inclusion measures. Conflict theories broadly analyze class and power struggles without centering race exclusively. Ethnocentrism involves judging other cultures by the standards of ones own group. Primordialism views ethnic identity as an ancient fixed biological given.
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