Nineteenth-century social change theories drew heavily upon the biological evolution breakthroughs achieved by ____________?
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Answer: B. Charles Darwin
Explanation
Nineteenth-century thinkers applied biological evolution models directly to human societies. Charles Darwin published groundbreaking work on natural selection and biological evolution. Social theorists like Herbert Spencer adapted Darwinian ideas to explain cultural evolution. Charles Darwin released On the Origin of Species in the year 1859. His theory explained how species adapt and survive through natural selection mechanisms. Early sociologists improperly conflated biological evolution with progressive social development.
These evolutionary theories often justified colonial expansion and social inequality. Understanding this history explains the emergence of early sociobiological perspectives. Modern sociology rejects unilineal social evolution in favor of more complex frameworks. Option A is wrong because Albert Einstein developed twentieth-century relativity physics. Option C refers to Harriet Martineau, an early female sociological methodologist. Option D is incorrect as Benjamin Franklin lived during the eighteenth-century Enlightenment.
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