Who defined the discipline as the science of observable actions__________?
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Answer: B. Watson
Explanation
John B. Watson defined psychology strictly as the objective science of observable behavior. Watson argued that mental states could not be studied scientifically because they remained entirely unobservable. His landmark publication established behaviorism as the dominant school of thought in early psychology. John B. Watson conducted controversial psychological experiments involving classical conditioning in human infants. He believed that environmental conditioning completely determined human development regardless of innate biological factors. His scientific manifesto rejected subjective introspection in favor of rigorous laboratory observation of actions.
Modern advertising and marketing strategies often utilize Watsonian behavioral principles to influence consumer habits. Understanding Watson helps historians trace the evolution of psychological research methods over time. Clinical psychology moved beyond strict Watsonian behaviorism by incorporating internal cognitive processes later on. Dewey focused primarily on pragmatism and progressive education rather than defining psychology as behaviorism. Skinner expanded on behaviorism through operant conditioning but did not establish the original definition. William James championed functionalism and studied conscious experience rather than restricting psychology to behavior.
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Answer: A. Preparation
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