Allama Iqbal stood in opposition to purely bookish learning and_______________________?
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Answer: A. Rote learning
Explanation
Allama Iqbal strongly criticized rote learning and purely bookish knowledge in his educational writings. He believed education should awaken the creative spirit rather than simply fill memory banks. His poetic and philosophical works advocated for active intellectual inquiry and self-realization. Iqbal witnessed colonial educational systems that prioritized passive memorization over critical thinking. He promoted a dynamic philosophy of action, individuality, and continuous self-improvement. His educational vision inspired reformers seeking to revitalize Muslim intellectual traditions.
Modern educators continue to argue against rote memorization in favor of analytical skills. Curriculum reforms often cite Iqbal's critique to promote creativity and independent thought. Schools design interactive learning activities to engage students beyond passive textbook reading. Reciting is part of scriptural learning but not the specific target of his philosophical critique. Scientific knowledge was highly encouraged by Iqbal as essential for societal progress. Historical learning was valued when interpreted critically rather than memorized blindly.
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