According to Ibn-e-Khaldun, what are the three distinct phases of the instructional process_______________________?
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Answer: D. All of these
Explanation
Ibn Khaldun outlined structured pedagogical phases within the instructional process, including introduction and summary. He argued that teachers should avoid overwhelming students by presenting material in manageable steps. Each phase of instruction ensures that learners comprehend, review, and retain complex academic concepts. Ibn Khaldun was a fourteenth-century Arab historian and sociologist who wrote extensively on education. In his famous Muqaddimah, he criticized harsh rote memorization and advocated for gradual instruction. He is widely regarded as an early pioneer in the scientific study of sociology and education.
Modern lesson planning universally incorporates introductions, developmental activities, and summaries. Structuring lessons in phases helps maintain student engagement and improves long-term memory retention. Effective teaching requires guiding students smoothly from unfamiliar topics to complete conceptual mastery. Introduction alone misses the crucial developmental and summary phases necessary for full comprehension. Development alone ignores the vital need for a strong opening introduction and closing summary. Recap summary alone fails to account for the initial introduction and intermediate development steps.
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