A tendency to shun responsibility coupled with the need for constant direction characterizes___________?
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Answer: A. X Theory
Explanation
Theory X assumes workers dislike responsibility and require constant external direction. Employees under this model prefer structured supervision to avoid making independent decisions. This management approach relies heavily on top down control and explicit instructions. Douglas McGregor introduced Theory X to describe traditional authoritarian management assumptions. This framework views employees as inherently unmotivated to take initiative on tasks. Classical bureaucratic structures often reinforce this tendency by minimizing worker autonomy.
Routine manufacturing jobs sometimes utilize Theory X management to maintain strict quality control. Modern workplaces generally discourage this style because it limits innovation and employee engagement. Recognizing these behaviors helps managers transition toward more empowering leadership models. Y Theory assumes employees seek responsibility and are capable of self direction. Scientific Theory focuses on optimizing physical work processes rather than psychological assumptions. Human Relation Theory emphasizes social needs and positive interpersonal workplace dynamics.
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