The metallurgical operation wherein a metal is extracted in a molten or fused state is termed__________?
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Answer: A. smelting
Explanation
Smelting applies thermal energy and chemical reducing agents to extract molten metal from ores. High temperatures melt both the desired metal phase and unwanted rocky gangue impurities. Molten metal separation allows convenient collection of purified elements from processed mineral rock. Pyrometallurgy encompasses various high-temperature thermal treatments used to extract metals. Carbon in the form of coke is commonly used as a reducing agent during smelting. Ore minerals typically consist of metal oxides, sulfides, or carbonates requiring chemical reduction.
Steel manufacturing plants rely on large blast furnaces to smelt iron ore continuously. Historical human technological progress was largely defined by the discovery of metal smelting. Environmental engineers design emission controls to capture polluting gases released during smelting operations. Roasting involves heating ores in the presence of air to drive off volatile impurities. Calcination heats ores to high temperatures to decompose carbonates without melting the metal. Froth floatation is a physical separation technique exploiting surface chemistry properties in water.
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