Which sociologist established the theoretical division between material and nonmaterial culture ?
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Answer: D. William F. Ogburn
Explanation
William F. Ogburn formally established the foundational sociological distinction between material and nonmaterial culture. Material culture includes physical objects while nonmaterial culture encompasses beliefs, values, and social norms. Ogburn argued that these two cultural components often evolve at different uneven historical rates. Sociologists study culture to understand how human groups share knowledge and organize social life. Ogburn introduced cultural lag theory to explain frictions caused by rapid technological advancements. His empirical work significantly shaped American sociological approaches to studying social change.
This theoretical division helps researchers analyze how technological inventions disrupt traditional social values. Policy analysts use cultural lag concepts when examining laws struggling to keep pace with technology. It remains a fundamental teaching concept in introductory sociology courses worldwide today. Max Weber focused primarily on religion, bureaucracy, and the rise of modern capitalism. George Murdock specialized in anthropological cross-cultural comparisons of human family structures. Margaret Mead conducted pioneering anthropological fieldwork examining adolescent development in Samoa.
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