Which sociological framework maintains that gender roles cannot undergo radical transformation without massive shifts in the social structure?
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Answer: D. both a and b
Explanation
Both functionalist and conflict perspectives view gender roles as deeply embedded in social structures, requiring significant systemic change to alter. Functionalists see traditional gender roles as structural adaptations necessary for societal equilibrium and division of labor. Conflict theorists view gender roles as tools of male domination maintained by systemic inequality and institutional power structures. Structural perspectives analyze how large-scale societal institutions shape individual behaviors and cultural norms. Macro-sociological frameworks argue that surface-level behavioral changes cannot eradicate deep-seated structural inequalities. Both paradigms agree that transforming gender roles demands fundamental reorganization of economic and political institutions.
The functional perspective alone is correct but incomplete because conflict theory shares the identical structural view. The conflict perspective alone is valid yet fails to capture the functionalist reasoning also included in option D. Selecting both perspectives through option D provides the complete sociological answer required by the question.
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