What expression did Karl Marx employ to describe laborers losing command over their own productive output within capitalist structures?
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Answer: D. alienation
Explanation
Alienation describes how industrial laborers lose control over their productive output. Workers become estranged from the manufacturing process and the goods they create. Capitalist structures separate workers from their inherent human creative potential. Karl Marx developed this concept during early industrialization to critique capitalism. Factory assembly lines reduced workers to mere cogs in a mechanical production process. Marx argued that alienated labor diminishes human dignity and self-fulfillment.
Modern corporate employees often experience alienation in large bureaucratic office environments. This concept remains vital for understanding workplace dissatisfaction and labor strikes. Understanding alienation helps sociologists critique modern industrial labor conditions. Anomie refers to normlessness and a breakdown of social rules in society. Pauperization describes the progressive impoverishment of the working class over time. De-skilling involves reducing the required technical proficiency for specific jobs.
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