How did Durkheim characterize social facts___________?
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Answer: A. ways of acting thinking and feeling that are collective and social in origin
Explanation
Emile Durkheim defined social facts as collective ways of acting, thinking, and feeling external to individuals. These phenomena exert a coercive power over people, guiding their behavior regardless of personal desires. Social facts originate from society as a whole rather than from the psychological makeup of single persons. Emile Durkheim was a founding figure of sociology who established it as an independent academic discipline. He argued that social phenomena must be studied empirically as real entities with their own distinct properties. Legal codes, religious beliefs, and currency systems serve as classic examples of external social facts.
Constructing scientific knowledge describes sociological methodology rather than the definition of a social fact. Data collection techniques refer to research methods rather than the theoretical concept of collective social forces. Ideas without any basis in the physical world contradicts Durkheim's insistence on studying social facts objectively.
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