Cultural relativism posits that societies must be evaluated according to their own internal standards rather than external criteria?
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Answer: A. own meanings and values
Explanation
Cultural relativism requires evaluating a society based on its own internal meanings and values. This methodological approach helps researchers avoid ethnocentric biases when studying unfamiliar cultural practices. Understanding a practice through the lens of local values ensures accurate and respectful sociological analysis. Cultural relativism is a foundational principle in anthropology and sociology established by scholars like Franz Boas. Ethnocentrism involves judging other cultures by the standards and values of one's own native society. Shared meanings and values form the core framework through which any given community interprets reality.
Field researchers practice cultural relativism to gain acceptance and build trust among studied communities. International diplomacy and cross-cultural communication benefit greatly from an attitude of cultural relativism. Human rights discussions often balance universal standards against the respectful understanding of local cultural traditions. Family and kin relationships represent specific social structures rather than the general internal standards of meaning. Artistic and literary production are cultural outputs rather than the overarching value systems of a society. Religious and spiritual beliefs constitute only one aspect of a culture's broader meanings and values.
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