As workers established unions and compelled corporate leadership to acknowledge their agency, classical organization theorists began to modify their________________?
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Answer: D. both a and b
Explanation
Organized labor forced management to abandon rigid scientific management approaches. Classical theorists integrated human relations perspectives to address worker dissatisfaction. Corporate leadership acknowledged employee agency and workplace social dynamics. Taylorism emphasized maximum operational efficiency through strict supervision and standardization. The Hawthorne studies demonstrated that social psychological factors influence worker productivity. Labor unions successfully advocated for better working conditions and organizational voice.
Modern human resource management balances productivity goals with employee welfare. Industrial relations depend on cooperative dialogue between labor unions and corporate executives. Workplace democracy initiatives empower employees to participate in organizational decisions. Classical theory alone was insufficient to address rising organized labor power. Scientific management ignored human psychological needs, prompting necessary theoretical revisions. Limiting changes to only one approach would ignore the dual evolution required.
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