Studies on eyewitness memory reveal that after viewing a car crash, if the vehicles were described as having “smashed”, witnesses were more prone to report seeing broken glass. This research highlights the impact of:
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Answer: B. Leadings
Explanation
Misleading phrasing introduces biased information that distorts eyewitness memory recall. Using strong verbs like smashed alters how witnesses remember accident details. Leading questions contaminate the accuracy of retrieved episodic memory traces. Elizabeth Loftus demonstrated the misinformation effect through classic eyewitness testimony experiments. Human memory is reconstructive and highly susceptible to post-event verbal suggestions. Eyewitness reports can be altered significantly by minor changes in questioning style.
Police investigators are trained to use neutral questioning to preserve eyewitness accuracy. Courtrooms heavily scrutinize eyewitness testimony due to its vulnerability to leading questions. Legal guidelines require careful lineup and interrogation procedures to prevent memory contamination. Option A refers to perpetrators rather than the questioning bias effect. Option C describes the event itself rather than the post-event memory distortion. Option D involves investigative interview techniques designed to improve accurate memory retrieval.
- Subject
- Psychology
- Category
- Psychology
- Topic
- —
- Difficulty
- medium
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