Once schemas develop and strengthen through use, they form integrated frameworks. Which principle governs how these schemas interact with novel information?
Show answer Hide answer
Answer: B. The idea of exceptions to the rule is consistent with the sub-typing model model of stereotype change.
Explanation
The sub-typing model explains that contradictory evidence is categorized as an exception so the main stereotype survives. When people encounter counter-stereotypical individuals, they create special sub-categories to protect their overarching schema. This cognitive mechanism ensures that established schemas remain largely intact despite facing disconfirming real-world instances. Social cognition research investigates how existing mental schemas resist change when confronted with belief-violating information. Stereotype maintenance relies on cognitive biases that discount exceptions rather than triggering fundamental schema restructuring. Sub-typing acts as a psychological defense mechanism preserving generalized beliefs against contrary empirical observations.
Prejudice reduction programs teach individuals to recognize sub-typing to help dismantle rigid social stereotypes effectively. Cross-cultural interactions often challenge initial schemas, prompting either sub-typing or broader conceptual accommodation. Understanding stereotype persistence helps sociologists analyze why social biases endure despite exposure to counter-examples. Well development schemas change readily when faced with disconfirming evidence contradicts how rigid schemas actually resist revision. The book-keeping model involves gradual schema adjustment with each piece of data rather than relegating exceptions to sub-categories. The conversion model suggests dramatic schema restructuring happens all at once rather than through maintaining exceptional sub-categories.
- Subject
- Psychology
- Category
- Psychology
- Topic
- —
- Difficulty
- medium
Related questions
Q1. Tracing the pathway from an external stimulus to a motor output, which sequence reflects the correct physiological progression?
Show answer Hide answer
Answer: C. afferent nerve, interneuron, efferent nerve
Afferent nerves transmit sensory signals from peripheral receptors toward the central nervous system. Interneurons process incoming signals within the spinal cord and brain structures. Efferent nerves carry motor instruc...
Q2. Fishbein and Ajzen demonstrated that establishing robust attitude-behavior correlations requires aggregating multiple relevant behavioral assessments, a methodology known as:
Show answer Hide answer
Answer: A. Multiple-act criterion
Fishbein and Ajzen demonstrated that predicting behavior requires aggregating multiple relevant behavioral assessments. This methodological approach is formally known in social psychology as the multiple-act criterion. T...
Q3. Identify the accurate assertion concerning the self-serving bias:
Show answer Hide answer
Answer: B. We tend to attribute our success to internal factors and our failure to external factors
The self-serving bias leads individuals to take personal credit for successes while blaming failures on external situational factors. This cognitive tendency protects self-esteem by attributing positive outcomes internal...
Q4. McGuire’s (1969) information-processing persuasion model outlines six sequential stages necessary for behavioral change. Which option is NOT among them?
Show answer Hide answer
Answer: D. Fielding stage
McGuire's information-processing persuasion model does not include fielding as a stage. The model outlines attention, comprehension, yielding, retention, and behavioral execution stages. Fielding represents an irrelevant...
Q5. What structural properties render schemas valuable for organizing social experiences and information?
Show answer Hide answer
Answer: E. All of the above
Schemas are efficient cognitive structures that preserve mental resources and organize social information. They facilitate fast information recall, encode prior expectations, and can trigger corresponding emotional respo...
Q6. Applying a schema to a social target requires prior categorization. Which statement concerning categorization is FALSE?
Show answer Hide answer
Answer: D. The instances in a social category that represent the category as a whole are referred to as exemplars.
Exemplars are specific, concrete instances of a category stored in memory, not the abstract summary representing the whole category. Prototypes represent the ideal average summary of a category, whereas exemplars are ind...