Gardner put forward a theory of multiple intelligences. Which of the following is excluded from his framework?
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Answer: D. performance
Explanation
Howard Gardner proposed that human intelligence comprises several distinct independent cognitive modalities. His established framework includes linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, and spatial intelligences. Performance is a behavioral output or skill category, not one of Gardner's multiple intelligences. Howard Gardner published his influential theory of multiple intelligences in nineteen eighty-three. The framework also encompasses bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic intelligences. This theory challenged traditional psychometric views emphasizing a single general intelligence factor.
Educational programs apply Gardner's theory to accommodate diverse student learning styles and strengths. Teachers design multidimensional lesson plans to engage various intelligences within the classroom. Critics argue that Gardner's intelligences represent talents rather than distinct cognitive intelligences. Musical intelligence involves skill in performing, composing, and appreciating musical patterns. Verbal or linguistic intelligence involves exceptional mastery of spoken and written language skills. Mathematical intelligence entails strong logical reasoning and numerical problem-solving abilities.
- Subject
- Psychology
- Category
- Psychology
- Topic
- —
- Difficulty
- medium
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