__________ groups design serves as an illustration of quasi-experimental research?
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Answer: A. Non equivalent
Explanation
Non-equivalent group designs serve as common examples of quasi-experimental research. These designs compare preexisting groups where random assignment of participants is impossible. Researchers use them in real-world settings where controlling every experimental variable is unfeasible. Quasi-experimental research aims to establish cause-and-effect relationships without random assignment. Non-equivalent groups often differ on key baseline characteristics that researchers must measure. Threats to internal validity are higher in these studies due to the lack of complete control.
Educational researchers use non-equivalent groups to test a new math curriculum in one school. They compare test scores against another school using the traditional curriculum without random selection. This design is practical when administrative constraints prevent randomizing individual students. Equivalent group designs rely on random assignment, which classifies them as true experiments. Option C is incorrect because equivalent and non-equivalent designs are fundamentally different. Option D fails because only the non-equivalent design specifically exemplifies quasi-experiments.
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