The supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus is thought to regulate the release of which hormone ?
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Answer: A. Antidiuretic hormone
Explanation
The supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus synthesizes antidiuretic hormone for release by the posterior pituitary. Magnocellular neurosecretory cells transport this hormone down axons terminating in the posterior pituitary gland. Antidiuretic hormone acts on renal collecting ducts to promote water reabsorption and maintain fluid balance. The hypothalamus is a vital neural structure regulating autonomic functions and neuroendocrine hormone release. The posterior pituitary gland stores and releases hormones produced directly by hypothalamic neuronal cell bodies. Osmoreceptors in the brain detect changes in blood osmolarity to regulate antidiuretic hormone secretion.
Deficiency of antidiuretic hormone or its receptor causes diabetes insipidus, resulting in massive fluid excretion. Clinicians measure serum osmolarity and sodium levels when evaluating patients with posterior pituitary disorders. Hemorrhage and severe dehydration strongly stimulate supraoptic neurons to conserve vital body water. Oxytocin is synthesized primarily by the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus rather than supraoptic. Growth hormone is produced by anterior pituitary somatotroph cells under hypothalamic releasing control. Adrenocorticotropic hormone is synthesized by anterior pituitary corticotroph cells in response to releasing factors.
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