A bifid tongue is a congenital defect arising from the failure of fusion between____________?
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Answer: C. The two lateral lingual swellings
Explanation
A bifid tongue results embryologically from the failure of the two lateral lingual swellings to fuse properly during anterior tongue development. During normal embryogenesis, these lateral swellings overgrow the tuberculum impar to form the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. Failure of this fusion process leaves a cleft or split tongue anomaly known clinically as a bifid tongue. The tongue develops during the fourth week of gestation from multiple pharyngeal arch swellings meeting in the floor of the pharynx. The two lateral lingual swellings expand rapidly and merge in the midline to form the mobile body of the human tongue. Bifid tongue is a rare congenital developmental defect that can occur in isolation or as part of broader craniofacial syndromes.
Option A involves the tuberculum impar, which fails to form a major bulk of the final anterior tongue body. Option B refers to the hypobranchial eminence, which contributes primarily to the development of the posterior root of the tongue. Option D is incorrect because only one specific embryonic fusion failure listed among the choices is accurate.
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