The third law of thermodynamics establishes that__________________?
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Answer: A. Heat capacity of a crystalline solid is zero at absolute zero temperature
Explanation
The third law of thermodynamics states that entropy approaches zero as temperature nears absolute zero. Heat capacity of a pure crystalline solid likewise vanishes as the temperature approaches absolute zero. This fundamental behavior provides a definitive reference baseline for calculating absolute entropy values. Max Planck and Walther Nernst contributed significantly to the formulation of the third law. Absolute zero corresponds to zero Kelvin on the thermodynamic temperature scale. Thermal motion in a perfect crystal ceases entirely at absolute zero temperature conditions.
Cryogenic engineering requires understanding material properties near absolute zero temperatures. Calculating chemical reaction spontaneity at low temperatures depends on absolute entropy data. Superconductivity research frequently involves investigating materials at temperatures approaching absolute zero. Option B describes the second law of thermodynamics regarding heat transfer direction limits. Option C refers to the theorem of corresponding states used in generalized compressibility charts. Option D is incorrect because the first option provides a valid thermodynamic statement.
- Subject
- Engineering
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- Chemical Engineering
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- —
- Difficulty
- medium
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