The hypothesis proposing that society establishes cultural goals for members while failing to provide universal access to achievement is termed the_____________?
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Answer: A. anomie theory
Explanation
Robert Merton's anomie theory explains deviance through blocked access to cultural goals. Society establishes universal success goals while denying equal legitimate means to achieve them. Strain arises when individuals cannot attain societal aspirations through approved institutional channels. Robert Merton adapted Émile Durkheim's concept of anomie to American society. Structural strain theory categorizes modes of adaptation including innovation and rebellion. Legitimate means include education hard work and lawful career advancement.
Criminologists use strain theory to analyze connections between poverty and criminal behavior. Economic inequality often generates pressure to utilize illegitimate means for financial success. Public policies aimed at reducing crime focus on expanding educational and job opportunities. Differential association theory argues that criminal behavior is learned through social interaction. Deviant personality theory focuses on internal psychological abnormalities rather than social structure. Focal concerns theory examines lower-class cultural values like toughness and autonomy.
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