The standard combining valency exhibited by carbon is _________?
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Answer: C. 4(Tetravalent)
Explanation
Carbon possesses four valence electrons in its outermost principal energy level shell. To achieve a stable octet configuration, it forms four covalent bonds with surrounding atoms. This bonding behavior establishes its standard combining capacity as precisely four, meaning tetravalent. Carbon occupies group fourteen of the periodic table with an atomic number of six. Its electronic configuration is helium core followed by two s and two p orbitals. Hybridization theory explains how carbon utilizes its four equivalent orbitals for bonding.
Tetravalency enables carbon atoms to bond with each other, forming vast chains and complex rings. This unique property forms the foundational basis for the entire field of organic chemistry. Biological macromolecules like proteins and DNA rely entirely on carbon's versatile bonding capacity. Divalent elements exhibit a combining capacity of two, characteristic of group sixteen elements. Trivalent elements possess a combining valence of three, typical of group fifteen nitrogen family. Univalent elements have a single valence electron, standard for alkali metals in group one.
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